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The Americans had little naval might to challenge the British fleet patrolling the coastline, but one American ship, commanded by John Paul Jones, captured several hundred British vessels and raided a number of English coastal towns. For the most part they struck at Spanish power by attacking its merchant and treasure ships plying the high seas.

Still, his regular disregard of the needs and requests of the New York colonists only generated further discord. Still, they needed some sort of central authority to attend to such matters as providing for military and financial needs in prosecuting the ongoing war. Washington was dressed in a suit with silver buttons embossed with eagles, and he wore white silk stockings and pumps with silver buckles.

Within a few years 500,000 spindles were said to be functioning throughout New England. In any event the Vikings never established permanent settlements in the New World, and nothing came of their discoveries. Pinckney took sixty-three and John Jay one. John Randolph called for a reconsideration of the bills, but Clay ruled him out of order and the House sustained his ruling.

This tribe had greeted the Pilgrims when they first arrived on Cape Cod and had had friendly relations with the settlers. Hernán Cortés, a particularly brutal but capable leader, made his way to the New World in 1504. . The war hysteria diminished the popularity of the Republican Party, which was seen as pro-French and therefore as infected with “radical” or Jacobin notions about governing the country.

Then a British

Discovery and Settlement of the New World

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fleet appeared in the harbor of New Amsterdam and demanded the surrender of Manhattan Island. This triangular trade—Africa, West Indies, and North America—was carried on in violation of the Navigation Acts, but these enterprising merchants were an intrepid lot and managed to get away with it.

In this presidential election, Monroe did not name a successor, and since only one party—the Republican Party—existed, the person chosen by the traditional congressional caucus would automatically be elected. Ordinary citizens had faced and defeated a powerful enemy.

Paine acknowledged that many Americans looked upon Britain as the “parent country,” but if true, he said, the recent acts were all the more outrageous: “Even brutes do not devour their young, nor savages make war upon their families.” But the “Royal Brute” could and did “unflinchingly hear of their slaughter, and composedly slept with their blood upon his soul.” America was destined for a republican form of government, Paine insisted, not a “monarchical tyranny.” It has been

Independence and Nation Building

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and will continue to be “the asylum for the persecuted lovers of civil and religious liberty from every part of Europe.” Paine’s pamphlet had such an impact on those who read it that it persuaded many to adopt the cause of independence.

After all, Jackson had invaded Florida, had engaged in hostilities with the Indians and Spanish, and had executed foreign nationals without a declaration of war by Congress. In that war colonists under the command of Sir William Phips captured Port Royal, Nova Scotia, but it was recaptured by France a year later.

As part of the peace treaty, he exacted about two-thirds of Creek land in Alabama and Georgia, which was ceded to the United States.